1980 - 1984 Research and Teaching Assistant, Department of Medical Physics, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China

1993-1995 Assistant Professor, Department of Aerospace Physiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China

1997 -2000 Instructor, Internal Medicine - Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas

2000 - Present Assistant Professor, Internal Medicine - Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas

1. Zhang LF, WuXY, Jiang SZ, Zhang R, Ma MC. Effects of combined resistance loading on respiratory pattern and subject's perception. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology. 222:523-33, 1988.
2. Zhang LF, WuXY, Jiang SZ, Zhang R, Xiao ZY, Ma MC. Multistage evaluation scale, differential threshold steps and equivalent sensation contours of respiratory flow-resistive load sensation. Scientia Sinica-series LB, Chemical, Biological, Agricultural, Medical & Earth Sciences. 31(2):204-16, 1988.
3. Zhang LF, Han LP, WuXY, Zhang R, Sun XQ, Li XY. Estimation of respiratory mechanics in dogs with acute lung injury, Advance in Experimental Medicine & Biology. 316:327-40, 1992.
4. Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Pawelczyk JA, Levine BD. Effects of head-down tilt on cerebral hemodynamics during orthostatic stress. J Appl Physiol. 83:2139-2145, 1997.
5. Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Giller CA, Levine BD. Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation. Am J Physiol, in press, 1998.
6. Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD. Deterioration of cerebral autoregulation during orthostatic stress: Insights from frequency domain. J Appl Physiol 85:1113-112, 1998.
7. West BJ, Zhang R, Sanders AW, Miniyar S, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD. Fractal fluctuations in transcranial Doppler signals. Physical Review E 59: 3492-3498, 1999.
8. West BJ, Zhang R, Sanders AW, Miniyar S, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD. Fractal fluctuations in cardiac time series. Physica A, 270: 552-566, 1999
9. Levine BD, Zhang R, and Roach RC. Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation at High Altitude. Adv. Exp. Med. 474:319-322, 1999.
10. Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD. Spontaneous fluctuations in cerebral blood flow velocity: Insights from extended duration recordings in humans. Am J Physiol: 278: H1848-H1855, 2000.  
11. Crandall CG, Zhang R, Levine BD. Effects of whole-body heating on dynamic baroreflex regulation of heart rate in humans. Am J Physiol, Heart and Circ. Physiol 279:H2486-H2492, 2000.
12. Iwasaki K, Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Pawelczyk JA, Levine BD. Effects of head-down-tilt bed rest and hypovolemia on dynamic regulation of heart rate and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 279:R2189-R2199, 2000.
13. Zhang R, Behbehani K, Crandall CG, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD. Dynamic regulation of heart rate during acute hypotension: a new insight into baroreflex function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280:H407-H419, 2001.
14. D.W.Wray, K.J. Formes, M.S. Weiss, Albert H. O-Yurvati, Peter B. Raven, R. Zhang, X. Shi. Vagal Cardiac Function and Arterial Blood Pressure Stability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol, 281:H1870-H1880, 2001.
15. Levine BD, Pawelczyk JA, Ertl AC, Cox JF, Zuckerman JH, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, Ray CA, Smith ML, Iwase S, Saito M, Sugiyama Y, Mano T, Zhang R, Iwasaki K, Lane LD, Buckey Jr. JC, Cooke WH, Baisch FJ, Robertson D, Eckberg DL, Blomqvist CG. Muscle sympathetic neural and haemodynamic responses to tilt following spaceflight. J Physiol 538:331-340, 2002.
16. Mitsis GD, Zhang R, Levine BD, Marmarelis VZ. Modeling of Nonlinear Physiological Systems with Fast and Slow Dynamics - Part II: Application to Cerebral Autoregulation in Humans. Annls of Biomedical Engineering, 30:255-265, 2002.
17. Wilson TE, Cui J, Zhang R, Witkowski S, Crandall CG. Skin cooling maintains cerebral blood flow velocity and improves orthostatic tolerance during tilt in the heated human. J Appl Physiol, 93:85-91, 2002.
18. Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Iwasaki K, Behbehani K, Crandall CG, Levine BD. Mechanism of blood pressure and R-R variability: insights from ganglion blockade in humans. J. Physiol, 543.1,337-348, 2002.
19. Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Iwasaki K, Wilson T, Crandall CG, Levine BD. Autonomic neural control of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans. Circulation, 106:1814-1820, 2002.
20. Cooke WH, Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Cui J, Wilson TE, Crandall CG, Levine BD. Does nitric oxide buffer arterial pressure variability in humans? Journal of Applied Physiology, 93:1466-1470, 2002.
21. Fu Q, Levine BD, Pawelczyk JA, Ertl AC, Diedrich A, Cox JF, Zuckerman JH, Ray CA, Smith ML, Iwase S, Saito M, Sugiyama Y, Mano T, Zhang R, Iwasaki K, Lane L, Buckey J, Cooke W, Robertson R, Baisch F, Blomqvist G, Eckberg DL, Robertson D, Biaggioni I. Cardiovascular and sympathetic neural responses to handgrip and cold pressor stimuli in humans before, during and after spaceflight. J Physiol., 544.2:653-664, 2002.
22. Iwasaki K, Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Morrow MJ, Levine BD. Dose-response relationship of the cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training in healthy adults: How much training for what benefit? J. Appl. Physiology, 95:1575-1583, 2003.
23. Cui J, Zhang R, Wilson TE, Witkowski S, Crandall CG, Levine BD.  Nitric oxide synthase inhibition does not affect regulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity during head-up tilt.  Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol. 285: H2105-H2110, 2003.
24. Fu Q, Arbab-Zadeh A, Perhonen MA, Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD. Hemodynamics of orthostatic intolerance: Implications for gender differences. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 286: H449-H457, 2004.
25. Shi X, Huang G, Smith SA, Zhang R, Formes KJ. Aging and arterial blood pressure variability during orthostatic challenge. Gerontology, 49:279-286, 2003.
26. Zhang R, Wilson TE, Witkowski S, Cui J, Crandall CC, Levine BD. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not alter dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans. Am. J. Physiology Heart Circ Physiol, 286: H863-H869, 2004.
27. Zhang R, Crandall CG, Levine BD. Cerebral hemodynamics during the valsalva maneuver: Insights from ganglionic blockade. Stroke, 35(4): 843-847, 2004.
28. Iwasaki K, Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD, Perhonen M. Reduced baroreflex control of heart rate after bed rest is normalized by acute plasma volume restoration. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 287 (5) R 1256-62, 2004.
29. Durand S., Zhang R, Cui J, Wilson TE, Crandall CG. Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations. J. Appl. Physiol. 97:535-539, 2004.
30. Cui, J., Zhang R, Wilson TE, Crandall CG. Spectral analysis of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in heat stressed humans. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 286:1101-1106, 2004.
31. Arbab-Zadeh A, Dijk E, Ochoa-Torres P, Fu Q, Zhang R, Thomas JD, Palmer D, Levine BD. Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance. Circulation 110:1799-1805, 2004.
32. Fu Q, Zhang R, Witkowski S, Arbab-Zadeh A, Prasad A, Okazaki K, Levine BD. Persistent sympathetic activation during chronic antihypertensive therapy: A potential mechanism for long term morbidity? Hypertension, 45:513-521, 2005.
33. Okazaki K, Iwasaki K, Prasad A, Palmer D, Martini E, Fu Q, Arbab-Zadeh A, Zhang R, Levine BD. Dose-response relationship of endurance training for autonomic circulatory control in healthy seniors. J.A.P., 99:1041-1049, 2005.
34. Okazaki K, Fu Q, Martini E, Zhang R, Crandall CG, Levine BD. Decrease in skin blood flow during venous stasis with cuff inflation is not solely related to cutaneous venoarteriolar response. AJP Regulatory, in press, 2005.
35. Okazaki K, Fu Q, Martini ER, Shook R, Conner C, Zhang R, Crandall CG, Levine BD. Vasoconstriction during venous congestion: effects of the veno-arteriolar response, myogenic reflexes and hemodynamics of changing perfusion pressure.  Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289: R1354–R1359, 2005.
36. Mitsis GD, Zhang R, Levine BD, Marmarelis VZ. Cerebral Hemodynamics during Orthostatic Stress assessed by Nonlinear Modeling. J. Appl. Physiol., doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00548.2005, Mar.2006
37. Wilson TE, Zhang R, Levine BD, Crandall CG. Dynamic autoregulation os the cutaneous circulation: differential control in glabrous vs non-glabrous skin. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ.Physiol., 289:H385-H391, 2005.
38. Ogoh S, Fadel PJ, Zhang R, Selmer C, Jans O, Secher NH, Raven PB. Middle cerebral artery flow velocity and pulse pressure during dynamic exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol. 288(3): H1461-7, 2005.
39. Wilson TE, Cui J, Zhang R, Crandall CG. Heat stress reduces cerebral blood velocity and markedly impairs orthostatic tolerance in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Comp. Physiol. 291:R1443-1448, 2006.
40. Shibata S, Zhang R, Hastings J, Fu Q, Okazaki K, Iwasaki K, Levine BD. A cascade model of ventricular-arterial coupling and arterial-cardiac baroreflex function for cardiovascular variabilty in humans. AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Nov; 291(5):H2142-51, 2006.
41. Zhang R, Witowski S, Fu Q, Claassen J, Levine BD. Cerebral hemodynamics after short and long-term reduction in blood pressure in mild and moderate hypertension. Hypertension 49(5):1149-55, 2007.
42. Zhang R, Levine BD. Autonomic ganglionic blockade does not prevent reduction in cerebral blood flow velocity during orthostasis in humans. Stroke, April, 38(4):1238-44, 2007.
43. Iwasaki K, Levine BD, Zhang R,  Zuckerman JH, Pawelczyk JA, Diedrich A, Ertl AC, Cox JF, Giller CA, Ray CA, Lane LD, Buckey JC, Baisch F, Eckberg DL, Robertson D, Biaggioni I, Blomqvist G. Human cerebral autoregulation before, during, and after spaceflight.  Journal of Physiology, 579.3,799-810, 2007.
44. Claassen JA, Zhang R, Fu Q, Witkowski S, Levine BD. Transcranial Doppler estimation of cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular conductance during modified rebreathing. J Appl Physiol 102:870-877, 2007.
45. Low DA, Wingo JE, Keller DM, Kimura K, Zhang R,  Davis SL, Crandall CG.  Cerebrovascular responsiveness to steady-state changes in CO2 during passive heat stress. The FASEB Journal 21 (6): A1311, 2007.
     

Technical Papers:

1. F. Kamangar, M.A. Masnadi-Shirazi, K. Behbehani, R. Zhang, H. Nazeran, and B.D. Levine. "A Model of Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity as a Function of Mean Arterial Blood Pressure Using Kalman Filter Estimation Technique". The 24th Annual International Conference of the IEEE-EMBS, Oct. 23-26, 2002.

GRANT SUPPORT:

Ongoing Research Support

American Heart American Heart Association - Texas Affiliate

"Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation in Hypertension"

The main objective of this project is to gain new knowledge regarding the effects of hypertension and antihypertensive therapy on cerebral circulation. This will be particularly significant in understanding the role that cerebral autoregulation plays in stroke-prone hypertensive patients.

Role: PI

Role: Co-I

3)  Grant # 98BG058 

AHA - Texas Affiliate 

"Mechanisms of dynamic cerebral autoregulation"

The major goal of this project is to determine how changes in blood pressure at different time scales effect changes in brain blood flow. 

Role:  PI

4)  NAS 96-OLMSA-01B

Zhang (PI)

7/1/1999 - 9/30/2001

 NASA

"The role of cardiac mechanics in blood pressure regulation during orthostatic stress:  The effect of duration of exposure to simulated microgravity"

The major goal of this project is to investigate the mechanism by which changes in cardiac structure (mass) and function (pressure-volume relationship) during short term (2 weeks) exposure to simulated microgravity affect the regulation of blood pressure during orthostatic stress, and to determine the efficacy of specific countermeasures including exercise training and volume infusion.

Role:  Co-PI